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Cyclin B1/CDK1-regulated mitochondrial bioenergetics in cell cycle progression and tumor resistance.
A mammalian cell houses two genomes located separately in the nucleus and mitochondria. During evolution, communications and adaptations between these two genomes occur extensively to achieve and sustain homeostasis for cellular functions and regeneration. Mitochondria provide the major cellular energy and contribute to gene regulation in the nucleus, whereas more than 98% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome. Such two-way signaling traffic presents an orchestrated dynamic between energy metabolism and consumption in cells. Recent reports have elucidated the way how mitochondrial bioenergetics synchronizes with the energy consumption for cell cycle progression mediated by cyclin B1/CDK1 as the communicator. This review is to recapitulate cyclin B1/CDK1 mediated mitochondrial activities in cell cycle progression and stress response as well as its potential link to reprogram energy metabolism in tumor adaptive resistance. Cyclin B1/CDK1-mediated mitochondrial bioenergetics is applied as an example to show how mitochondria could timely sense the cellular fuel demand and then coordinate ATP output. Such nucleus-mitochondria oscillation may play key roles in the flexible bioenergetics required for tumor cell survival and compromising the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy. Further deciphering the cyclin B1/CDK1-controlled mitochondrial metabolism may invent effect targets to treat resistant cancers
Photonic Crystal Architecture for Room Temperature Equilibrium Bose-Einstein Condensation of Exciton-Polaritons
We describe photonic crystal microcavities with very strong light-matter
interaction to realize room-temperature, equilibrium, exciton-polariton
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). This is achieved through a careful balance
between strong light-trapping in a photonic band gap (PBG) and large exciton
density enabled by a multiple quantum-well (QW) structure with moderate
dielectric constant. This enables the formation of long-lived, dense 10~m
- 1~cm scale cloud of exciton-polaritons with vacuum Rabi splitting (VRS) that
is roughly 7\% of the bare exciton recombination energy. We introduce a
woodpile photonic crystal made of CdMgTe with a 3D PBG of 9.2\%
(gap to central frequency ratio) that strongly focuses a planar guided optical
field on CdTe QWs in the cavity. For 3~nm QWs with 5~nm barrier width the
exciton-photon coupling can be as large as \hbar\Ome=55~meV (i.e., vacuum
Rabi splitting 2\hbar\Ome=110~meV). The exciton recombination energy of
1.65~eV corresponds to an optical wavelength of 750~nm. For 106 QWs
embedded in the cavity the collective exciton-photon coupling per QW,
\hbar\Ome/\sqrt{N}=5.4~meV, is much larger than state-of-the-art value of
3.3~meV, for CdTe Fabry-P\'erot microcavity. The maximum BEC temperature is
limited by the depth of the dispersion minimum for the lower polariton branch,
over which the polariton has a small effective mass where
is the electron mass in vacuum. By detuning the bare exciton
recombination energy above the planar guided optical mode, a larger dispersion
depth is achieved, enabling room-temperature BEC
Linear and Nonlinear Mesoscopic Thermoelectric Transport with Coupling to Heat Baths
Decades of research on thermoelectrics stimulated by the fact that nano- and
meso-scale thermoelectric transport could yield higher energy conversion
efficiency and output power has recently uncovered a new direction on inelastic
thermoelectric effects. We introduce the history, motivation, and perspectives
on mesoscopic inelastic thermoelectric effects.Comment: Invited by Comptes Rendu
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